Saturday, November 30, 2019

Space Propulsion (2597 words) Essay Example For Students

Space Propulsion (2597 words) Essay Space PropulsionRESEARCH I/IILARRY PECANFINAL REPORT9-27-98INTRODUCTIONThe following is a research project on Space Vehicle Propulsion. It shall consist of four sections, each discussing specific topics. Section One lays out the basic ideas of rocketry. Section Two compares Rocket Propulsion Systems, and shows the basis for the comparison. It also shows how each specific Rocket System works and Section Three gives a description of how Space Propulsion has evolved and contains a conclusion. SECTION 1The BasicsSection One is a brief description of the basic properties of Rocket Systems. It defines the key terms and shows how a basic rocket works. It also shows the State if The Art. I have chosen to do my project on space vehicle propulsion. Basically, this means that my research shall be based primarily on rocketry. Rocketry is a way of propulsion that has developed in numerous ways since it was first used to propel fireworks in the 16th century. It has emerged into an extremely complicated science that few actually understand. We will write a custom essay on Space Propulsion (2597 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Most space rocketry in America is used in NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Association) space projects. NASA, a government association that focuses on space exploration, is the main user of rocket technology. It is used mostly to power their satellites and shuttles into space. Pushing an object that weighs as much as a space shuttle does directly vertical until escaping the Earths atmosphere requires a tremendous amount of power. This is why NASA uses rockets. Rockets are essentially the most powerful forms of propulsion there is today. Space Vehicle Propulsion is based rocket engines. The basic principle of rocket engine is that when fuel is burned in the engine, the reaction mass is expelled at high speeds. As a result of Newtons law of action and reaction this pushes the vehicle in the opposite direction of the one in which the reaction mass is moving. Thrust is the force that the engine exerts on all space behind it in order to ?push? the vehicle forward. Efficiency is the way that the quality of rocket engines is measured by. It is measured by the time it takes for one kilogram of propellant to create one kilogram of thrust. The goal of my research is to find out what makes these engines more efficient. In rocketry, the state of the art is extremely hard to define, since there are so many different forms of rocketry ranging from liquid propellant rockets to fireworks. The state of the art though is probably nuclear powered rockets. It is much more efficient because it does not use chemical combustion like most rockets do. Instead NFRRs (Nuclear Fission Reactor Rockets) heat hydrogen in a fission reactor which expels the propellant at blistering speeds. Much research is being done with NFRRs. They are still highly experimental because of the dangers that could be associated with them. The NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application) was one of the most extensive NFRR research projects, however it failed because of the inability figure out an approach to putting the research into a developmental stage. SECTION 2Specific Rocket Propulsion SystemsSection One has laid the foundation for further research in the are of rocketry. Section two shall discuss properties of efficiency in more depth, it shall lay out the types of rockets in existence now. It shall also show which type of rocket is the most efficient. After this section, the next one shall describe how the reasons for these specific rockets efficiency and depending on the outcome of that report, the topic of the fourth shall be decided. EFFICIENCYEfficiency is the most important part of my research as yet. Since the object of my research is to find out which type of rockets are the most efficient and why, the reader of this paper must have a basic understanding of efficiency. Once this is established, new definitions will come into play, all of these shall be crucial in the understanding of the paper. Terms Needed To Understand EfficiencyG- a unit of acceleration Specific Impulse (Isp)- A measurement in seconds of efficiency. Properties of EfficiencyEfficiency is the most accurate indicator of rockets performance. As stated in the aforementioned definitions, specific impulse is the basic unit of measurement of rocket efficiency. Isp is found by dividing the exhaust velocity by g (definition also mentioned above). Since velocity is measured in m/s (meters per second) and each g is equal to 9.8 m/s/s (meters per second every second), the terms cancel to leave just a unit in seconds. The resulting figure, is the duration of time for which one kilogram of propellant can produce one kilogram of thrust. Thus, a higher number represents a better, and more efficient rocket. To give the reader an idea of the average Isp of several type of rockets, I have listed some average figures for efficiency of certain types of rockets below. Average Efficiencies of Certain RocketsNext, I have listed the Isp values for some basic types of rockets. After that I shall explain some of the most well known types of rockets. .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 , .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .postImageUrl , .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 , .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968:hover , .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968:visited , .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968:active { border:0!important; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968:active , .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Assignment Art And Culture Paper EssayBasic Rocket TypesAn RPS (rocket propulsion system) is a powerplant that pushes a vehicle forward by ejecting matter that is stored within the vehicle. This matter is called propellant. The propellant is the most crucial part of moving a vehicle through space. Their energy source, the vehicles they are used on, and the type of propellant classify the specific types of systems. Liquid Propellant RocketsAll LPRs (Liquid Propelled Rockets) contain the same basic devices. The next paragraph shall discuss these functions and examine their purpose. The first such device is the thrust chamber. The thrust chamber contains an injector, a combustion chamber and a nozzle. The thrust chamber is the place where the propellants are injected, atomized, then mixed and finally burned to form reaction products in the form of gas. Next, the products are accelerated and ejected at extremely high velocities to create thrust. The injector is a series of pipes that allow the liquid propellant to move into the combustion chamber chamber to be made into thrust while atomizing and mixing them. The exhaust nozzle is the last step in the releasing of thrust. It allows the hot gas to expand and then accelerates them to supersonic velocities. On some vehicles, the nozzle acts as a steering mechanism by placing it on an electronic axis for which it can be turned by an automated steering wheel. There are two major types of feed systems used by LPRs; one uses pumps to move propellants to combustion chambers; the other, uses high pressure to expel propellants from their tanks. On most space vehicles the engines are mounted in pairs at the perimeter of the craft. Normally to opposite facing thrust chambers are controlled automatedly to turn the ship. Generally, a minimum of 12 thrust chambers is required for turning. Solid Propellant RocketsSolid Propellant Rockets (SPRs) contains a huge number of types of engines. The propellant that is to be burned is held in the combustion chamber. The propellant charge (grain) contains chemical elements for complete burning. When it is ignited, it burns on all its exposed sides. If the design of the grain is changed, then less can be exposed; the less exposed, the less fuel burned. The average burning rate is around 1.8 cc per second. The rate normally depends on the propellant ingredients. The more chamber pressure, the more propellant burnt. The way to make an efficient SPR is to pack as much solid propellant into a chamber volume as possible. Theoretically, it would be ideal to burn the propellant like a cigar, from one end to the other. For this reason, scientists created an end-burning grain, which has proved extremely successful. Electric RocketsThere are three types of electric propulsion systems (EPS); the three include electromagnetic, electrothermal and electrostatic. They are, in some ways more a rocket of the future then one of the present, somewhat like the NERVA project (see next section). In the electrothermal system the propellant is heated or vaporized electric heaters. The hot gas is then expanded through a nozzle the way it is in a chemical rocket. In an electrostatic system, interacting electrostatic fields and small charged particles such as colloidal particles achieve acceleration. In an electromagnetic rocket, acceleration is achieved by placing propellant plasma (a high temperature, electrically natural gas that contains electrons, ions and neutral molecular species) in an electromagnetic field thus causing a reaction that releases thrust. Nuclear RocketsUnlike the aforementioned rockets, nuclear rockets do not generate its power through chemical combustion. The way its power is formed, is through nuclear fission. It heats a propellant like hydrogen in a fission reactor and the explosion expels the propellant at amazing speeds, which exceed twice what any other rocket can produce. Its efficiency rating is around 850, as compared to the 450 of the next best ty pe, the cryogenic rocket. Unfortunately due to the extreme dangers of nuclear fission inside a shuttle, the main project for researching the nuclear rockets, NERVA, was scrubbed. Most likely, in the future, scientists will devise a plan to minimize the risks, whereupon research will begin again. SECTION 3A HistoryINTRODUCTIONThe third section of this report shall begin by indicating the steps in which rocketry was created, as to allow the reader of this paper to better understand the way rockets work. It shall show the works of Tsiolkovsky, Goddard, Oberth and a few others. The report shall then end in a detailed conclusion. The conclusion will be based on the summary and discuss all that has been written. It shall end in giving opinions as to the future uses of the specific areas found in the research. Development of Modern RocketryEARLY HISTORYIn around 1232 AD, in China, rockets were created. During the war with the Mongols, the Chinese would strap an early form of gunpowder to the shaft of an arrow. This made them fly longer and faster than any of the regular arrows that the Mongols used. About ten years later, in Europe, another major discovery was made. An Englishman, Robert Bacon, created a more practical formula for gunpowder. He did this by mixing 41.2 parts saltpeter, 29.4 parts charcoal and 29.4 parts sulfur. He was able to distill saltpeter, which produces oxygen, to allow the rocket to burn faster. .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c , .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .postImageUrl , .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c , .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c:hover , .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c:visited , .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c:active { border:0!important; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c:active , .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: African Americans and Cardiovascular Disease EssayIn the 18th century, the British encounter encountered rocket warfare with India. The Indians probably learned the secret of rocket treat from Arab traders in the 17th century. The Indians, who were led by Hyder Ali, gave thousands of men the task of throwing rockets. The rockets were first thrown, then propelled itself. They attached an eight foot long bamboo stalk to six pound iron tube filled with fuse and powder. The rockets were able to fly up to 1.5 miles. Modern DiscoveriesTsiolkovskyTsiolkovsky, a Russian teacher, established that a rocket would work in the vacuum of space, in 1883. In 1903, he wrote a book explaining how space travel was possible, using liquid propelled rockets. He created drawings of possible space ships propelled by either liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen or liquid oxygen and kerosene. The sketches also show valves to transport the liquid propellant into a combustion chamber and showed how vanes could be created in the exhaust for steering. He also illustrated the crew lying on their backs in a pressurized cabin in order to withstand the pressure of such high speeds. Tsiolkovsky also thought of rocket staging. Rocket staging is a series of rockets that fire one after the other. When one finishes and the other fires, the useless rocket is jettisoned. He thought this was the only way to put heavy objects such as satellites into space. GoddardAlthough Tsiolkovsky thought up the ideas of advanced rocketry, still more had to be considered, and it had to become reality. The next pioneer, was the father of American rocketry, Robert Goddard. He first, created a bazooka type rocket. The bazooka was fairly large solid-propellant rocket. In 1919, he wrote a text called A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. Two years later, he bagan to experiment with the liquid fuels that Tsiolkovsky. In 1926, Goddard finally launched the first liquid propelled rocket. It was fueled by gasoline and liquid oxygen. It rose to a height of 41 feet and traveled at 60 miles per hour. It only traveled 56 meters but it set the foundation for the future of rocketry. In May 1935, he released a rocket that featured gyro controlled exhaust vanes which pushed it to travel 1.5 miles above the ground at a totally unprecedented 700 miles per hour. GERMAN ROCKET SCIENTISTSIn 1923 a German rocket scientist Hermann Oberth published The Rocket Into Planetary Space. He favored liquid propellants, as Goddard, because of their power. His experimentation inspired the creation of the Society for Space Travel. The society passionately experimented with ways to improve the liquid propellant rocket. On February 21, 1931, a member of The Society for Space Travel, Johannes Winkler, launched the second liquid fuel rocket. Winklers rocket was propelled by liquid methane and liquid oxygen. It failed totally, going a mere ten feet forward. Three weeks later another rocket ascended to about 2000 feet. The entire Society for Space Travel began working on two rocket series, the Mirak and Repulsor. The late model Repulsors could reach an altitude of 1 mile. When The Society for Space Travel ran out of money, they made a demonstration of the Repulsor for the German Army. A member, Werner Von Braun compiled some statistics for the army who gave it to Hitler. They realized that this did not violate the treaty which did not allow them to build airplanes. Hitler started the Army Weapons Department. Von Braun was placed in charge of rocket development. Within a few years Von Braun was experimenting with highly developed rockets and was firing them in secret at the island of Birkum. In 1934 he created two rockets, that could ascend to over 1.5 miles. After that, The Society for Space Travel fell apart due to financial problems. In 1937, a rocket research station was constructed on the Baltic coast. Here the Germans created such rockets as the famous V-1 Buzz Bombs, and the mammoth V-2 which were really rocket-powered flying bombs. ConclusionIn this research, it has been demonstrated how all rocket engines work. It illustrates how propellants a re moved into a combustion chamber, and expelled at extremely high speeds. It shows the properties of efficiency, the basic measure by which all rockets are compared. It shows how efficiency is measure by specific impulse, which is calculated by the propellants exhaust velocity divided by g. It has given a basic comparison as to the efficiency of various rockets and has shown the reasons for being at their respective ranks. Also shown, is the pioneering of rocketry starting in the mid 1200s. All this has shown the basic properties of space propulsionBibliographyhttp://www.asi.org/adb/04/03/09/01/ the Rocket Engine Specifications page from the Artemis Project(http://www.asi.org/ ) Data Bookhttp://www.orbireport.com/Data.html-the Orbital Report News Agencys Launch Vehicle databasehttp://leonardo.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/home.html JPLs Mission ; Spacecraft Libraryhttp://solar.rtd.utk.edu/%7Emwade/spaceflt.htm Mark Wades Encyclopedia Astronauticahttp://www.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-ne wsref/stsref-toc.html The Space Shuttle Reference Manualhttp://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/ds1/tech/sep.html Solar electric propulsion on the Deep Space 1 probe?Rockets? Sutton, George P Groliers Online EncyclopediaEngineering

Monday, November 25, 2019

Analysis of Hargreaves Services Plc Short Term Liquidity Efficiency Ratios The WritePass Journal

Analysis of Hargreaves Services Plc Short Term Liquidity Efficiency Ratios Introduction Analysis of Hargreaves Services Plc Short Term Liquidity Efficiency Ratios IntroductionRecommendationRelated Introduction Liquidity ratios are used to determine a companys ability to pay off its short-terms debts obligations. Using Hargreaves Services Plc financial data from 2006 to 2010.I have the analysis for the companies’ current ratio, acid test, total asset turnover and fixed asset turn over below. The Current ratio tells us about the relationship between current assets and current Liabilities and how quickly an asset can be turned into cash. Hargreaves Services Plc had a current ratio of 1.09 in 2006 which was poor but significantly increased in 2007 to 1.31, it then fell in 2008 to 1.15, a further decrease in 2009 to 1.06 and has had a significant increase to 1.66 in 2010. I would say Hargreaves had a poor current ratio in 2006 and 2009 but currently has a good ratio at 1.66 indicating that for every  £1.66 of Current Assets the firm owns, it owes  £1.00 of Current Liabilities. Looking at this ratio we can see that if all the creditors of the business demanded their money, the business would have enough resources in the form of Current Assets to meet these demands. We can say then that as indicated by the Current Ratio the liquidity of the firm is good, it is managing its working capital effectively. I hence would recommend investors to buy shares. The Acid Test tells us how Hargreaves Services Plc can meet its short term demand for cash. Hargreaves Services Plc currently has a reasonable acid test at 0.82 and I would recommend its shares to investors, however the acid test was poor in 2009 and 2008, reasonable in 2007 and was good in 2006. Hargreaves Services Plc total asset turnover ratio compares its sales with the assets that the business has used to generate its sales. In 2010 Hargreaves Services Plc had sales of  £ 459,779,000 generating a ratio of 1.63 the sales in 2010 were lower than the previous year. Hargreaves Services Plc has made major investments in its assets and is   yet to generate their previous level of total turn over. The fixed asset turnover ratio of Hargreaves Services Plc measures Hargreaves effectiveness in generating sales from its investments in property, plant and equipment. The firm has gradually increased its property, plant and equipment from  £ 21,146.000 in 2006 to  £ 85,605,000 in 2010. Recommendation I recommend Hargreaves Services Plc to investors because it has invested in property, plant and equipment, even if it sales slightly fell this year .I strongly believe it has the potential to achieve positive returns in the years to come.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Antigone Essay Example for Free (#3)

Antigone Essay Essay Topic: Oedipus Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Evil not only fascinates people in general, but writers as well. In what ways and with what effect has â€Å"evil† been treated in Antigone? In the play of ‘Antigone’, evil appears in many forms. There is the soldier who is a traitor to his nation; the sister trying to prove her love for her family yet ends up breaking the law; the king who so eagerly tries to stop rule-breakers yet he himself neglects his flesh and blood. Here the difference of the two works is seen: The Earth of Mankind gives the impression that characters of power possess evil, whereas in Antigone, evil can be inside all of these opposing individuals. Polyneices, a soldier who fought against his own nation was to be punished as a traitor by not burying him after his death. When his sister, Antigone, goes against the King’s decree and burry Polyneices, she was also seen as a traitor to her country. However their other sibling, Ismene, who sits at home as Antigone fights for her brother’s right, is also said to have performed a crime of being a traitor to her family. Now something we can see from here is that each and every character involved in the story so far possesses evil. This message is summed up by Sophocles in page 204 of the book, in Ode 1, where it says, ‘O fate of man, working both good and evil! ’ What the writer is trying to convey here is more realistic than what is said in ‘The Earth of Mankind’; both evil and good is naturally inside everyone’s mind. It is one’s choice to do which, but performing a crime is inevitable. Everyone has his or her own ‘evil’ deeds, not only the powerful ones. As seen in my previous explanation on who performs evil deeds in the play of ‘Antigone’, we can see that one evil act leads to another, whereas the chain of good doings ends sooner. Eteocles, who was a soldier and a brother to Antigone, fought bravely for his nation and was buried with honor by the King. Although many respect him for his virtuosity, the play didn’t show that further kindness was done because of him. However, when Polyneices betrays his nation and fought against it, a number of people are forced to perform evil in his affect. Antigone had to break the law in order to give him his right of getting a burial. Ismene, who was too scared to go against the decree, was said to be a traitor to her family, as she didn’t come to assist Antigone in her mission. They then cause Creon to imprison the sisters, punish them, which then cause him to have a fight with his son. Creon then causes death of Haimon, and therefore leads to the suicide of the Queen. On page 243, the messenger says, ‘†¦and her last breath was a curse for their father, the murderer of her sons. ’ A number of misfortunes occur as being the result of one act of evil. The play now gives the effect that evil gives more negative outcomes in comparison to good giving positive results. Here, evil is powerful enough to make such a big impact on its surrounding; bigger than the good. Creon sees Antigone as a traitor to his rules, despite her reasons. Creon imprisoned both Antigone and Ismene for the burial of the nation’s traitor, Polyneices, who is their brother. It is true that Antigone has broken the law, but according to her logic, it is more important to follow the rules of the Gods than the King. She feels that the dead, no matter what they did in their lives, deserve respect and be buried, and that it was her duty to do so as Polyneices’ sister. She didn’t care that she is breaking the decree, and may be punished to die, as long as this task is done. Creon, being a non-believer of the Gods in the beginning, thinks that breaking the law is crime, no matter for what purpose. Polyneices was a traitor and he suffers because of himself, thus no one should help him. On page 211, Creon even said to Antigone, ‘An enemy is an enemy, even dead. ’ There is truth in both arguments, and no one can say what is right. Here, the play depicts that the existence of evil depends on how one views it. ‘Antigone’ treats evil as a subjective topic, where it may be seen as a crime from one point of view, but is actually a good deed from another. No evil deed is done without a reason, and the play shows that one should explore, not only what crime has been done, but also why it was done. Antigone. (2018, Nov 02).

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Business law essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Business law questions - Essay Example This instrument is promissory note as Elle unconditionally promise to pay Frank a sum of $ 600 on or before six months from the date of writing the note. Nonetheless, this instrument is not negotiable since for an instrument to be negotiable there must be certain conditions, which should be fulfilled. In this case, the instrument does not have a signature hence it is not negotiable. Drawer of a negotiable instrument other than making unconditional promise to pay should signed in order for the document to be binding. Unfortunately, Elle may later on claim that she never wrote the note since her signature does not appear. It is essential for negotiable instruments to have signature of the drawer. 2. Discount Stores, Inc., borrows $5,000 each from EZ Loan Corporation, First National Bank, and Great Products Corporation. Discount uses its "present inventory and any thereafter acquired" to secure the loans from EZ Loan and First National. EZ Loan perfects its interest on April 1, followed by First National on April 5. Discount buys new inventory on April 10 from Great Products and signs a security agreement, giving Great Products a purchase-money security interest in the new inventory. On the same day, Great Products perfects its interest and notifies EZ Loan and First National. Discount takes possession of the new inventory on April 15. On April 20, Discount defaults on all of the loans. Whose security interest has priority? According to the Personal Property Securities Act 1999, the general rule for priority of financing statement as provided for in Section 66 affirms that any perfected security interest within an agreement has the priority or capability over unperfected security interest of the same collateral that has been used in the agreement. On a different perspective, the same Section 66 provides that the party who was able to perfect it first should determine priority experienced between perfected securities interests within common

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

India Under the British Raj Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

India Under the British Raj - Research Paper Example The paper makes an oversight concerning various attempts of Indians to liberate themselves from the tyrannical rule of British. Introduction Many colonialists appeared in the colonies as trade partners who wanted to foster trade relationship with a foreign country. Majority of the world colonialists originated from various European countries and spread to conquer other countries outside the continent of Europe. The ordeal of these perceived colonialists was to explore certain resources in the countries of their colonies. They were mostly interested in items like gold, ivories, skins, and some other precious items. They also targeted certain ideal reproductive lands where they could practice their commercial farming activities (Szczepanski, 2011). What was initially trade turned out to be tyrannical rule directed to the native dwellers by the foreigners. Indian British Raj is one of the vast examples of initial trade incidences turning to brutal rule and forcible transformation of cul tures and societies’ ways of life. In the views of McNamara (2011), Raj is an Indian term for king and which was used to refer to British rule in India. As used to be the common case with colonization, Indians underwent brutal treatment due from their colonizer, but also they gained in terms of civilization. Duiker (2009) mentions that British approached India subcontinent as traders who later acted to subdue every trade in and out of India. As they continued to operate and trade in India, the British started engaging in the internal politics of the country. In 1800, British deployed its armies to attack the Mughal Empire and reduce its greatness in the land (Duiker & Spielvogel). British attacked certain territories some of which were captured by the East India Company. In the view of Duiker and Spielvogel (2006) the initial territories under the East India Company were recovered by the British crows as other ware set under indirect rule of local rajas and maharajas. Duiker and Spielvogel confirm that most of the British rule in India was more with decency considering that upon their arrival they managed to quell civil wars that were among the Indians. British initiated a relative government that worked to favor and respect the rights and wishes of the local populace. British rule in India was termed by historians as honest and efficient that targeted enlightenment and education of the barbaric Indians. British administrators in India built learning centers that allowed the Indians to attain education up to some set levels. According to Duiker and Spielvogel (2006), Thomas Macaulay the head of British administration in India initiated and perfected plans of building schools, which trained Indian children. Thomas in conjunction with British civil service initiated examinations for the learners. British schools also illuminated particular concerns on training Indian girls on how they would become good wives under the wedlock of learned men of Indian. In 1875, British rule in India opened official madras for training females who became medical practitioners. Duiker and Spielvogel (2006) ascertain that British rulers brought sense of humanity in India when they disregarded certain Indian traditions that did not work to respect freedom of citizens. Furthermore, British brought into India fantastic development that included railways and telegraph for communication. The British administra

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan Essay Example for Free

Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan Essay Introduction For many schools across the country there have been many studies on what type of communication is best for students, teachers, and parents going into the 21st century. Many school districts have chosen the (CMC) technology which is the Computer mediated communication and it has dramatically changed the ways for students to interact with their professors, especially for communication outside of the classroom (which is better choice pg1). For my future classrooms this along with the phone and paper is my preferred communication method of choice. Class Website From many studies students who are older prefer asynchronous communication such as email can effectively help students in solving problems outside of the classroom. Recently synchronous communication such as a virtual office hours using online chat was also widely used in the class room. (Which is a better choice page 9) For a school website to exist the schools must first follow these four objectives. 1: An introduction to who the school is. 2: An interface of outside resources 3: Publisher of good works 4: A Data resource. (Tech Trends vol 49 num. 6 pages 1.) Most schools already have websites that display this information however what would need to be created is simply a white board that parents and faculty members who are involved with the kindergarten level can access. White board A whiteboard is simply a website that parents and faculty members alike can log onto and check what is happening in the classroom as well as grades. For kindergarten I propose that this whiteboard would have a white page with buttons at the top that will take them to different links. These buttons are laid out in a simple tool bar layout. |Teacher |Student List |Grades |Work for week |School Calendar |Current curriculum |Classroom policies and | |Contact Info. . | | | | | |procedures | Tool Bar Buttons A: Teacher contact info. This will have my contact information and the hours I am available as well as my vision and mission statement. B: This will have the student’s names that are listed in my class as well as their parents Emergency contact information only visible to faculty. C: Will list the current grades for each subject for the quarter or semester that we are currently in. D: This will have any subjects or work that we are working on for the week so that parents can visually see what we are doing in class. E: This will have a classroom calendar will subject time slots as well as break schedules, lunch times, and other time slots as needed F: This will have my classroom curriculum for the semester and will be constantly updated as it changes G: To me it is important for parents to know the behavior system that you as a teacher put into place as well as any school policies regarding anything from parent –teacher conflict ,kids misbehaving, lunch procedures, etc. All of this involves the webmaster for the school simply using basic html web creating code to create. The information that is based on the website is simple text with minimal visualization. Email/phone The other form of communication that I would have my parents use would be email system as well as phones. Most parents who are in the current age of computers and 21st technology are familiar with how to email and use smart phones as well. I would use this system to keep parents informed in any behavior issues as they occur. The phone system would be not only an emergency behavior contact system but also an important communication tool for any parent to contact me. Technology hindered parents Now there are parents out there who may be ESL parents that are not familiar with how to access the whiteboard or email. For these parents I would suggest sending out monthly handouts that explain A: How to use the white board and email. B: my contact information as well as the schools. C: Since I am pretty fluent in computers I would also try an hold a 1hour class free to parents a month to show them not only the benefits of technology but how to access our whiteboard for student and classroom information. Of course C is based on the amount of computers that our school district has provided us because as we all know some rural schools are still not able to provide a computer lab. How would I setup communication for this school? Non Computer lab school. For a school that doesn’t have a computer lab or website I would revert back to the old fashion way of creating a folder for my students to take home every Friday that would encompass all the information that would be normally available on the website. School Website security Since I am a teacher obviously computer security would be the webmasters job. However I would ask parents to join the schools computer website by creating a username and password so that they would have access to the resources available on the classroom whiteboard as well as the schools website. Faculty For the white board I would ask my fellow teachers to setup a development team to keep the specific kindergarten audience in mind. They would submit a design as to what appropriate sites, cultural analysis, content organization for a culturally responsive website, as well as development of the site and constant site evaluation. (Tec trends Vol 49, number 6 pg. 35) Eventually after the site was created and used for a year I would ask the development team to go back and perform an analysis to see how convenient the site use was for parents and faculty. Then I would ask this analysis information to be passed around to other schools as well as school districts in hopes that it would spread across the state as well as country. I would recommend using all of this analysis with the website http://teacher. scholastic. com/homepagebuilder/ to build the whiteboard and website for all schools. Conclusion As you can see my vision for communication for the 21st century framework not only includes technology of old (paper, phones) but a computer mediated  communication website that provides all the details of myself as a teacher plus the classroom information for my class. This type of technology will help not only the student to parent communication about what is going on in class but also the parent to teacher communication about my vision and mission statement as a teacher. I believe a white board is what every classroom should have in education for classroom of the 21st century References. Author A: Lei Li1Author B: Finley, John1Author C: Pitts, Jennifer1Author D: Rong Guo1 (2010). Which is a better choice for student-faculty interaction: synchronous or asynchronous communication? Journal of Technology Research; Sep2010, Vol. 2, p1-12, 11p, 5 Charts Author A: Miller, Susan1Author B: Adsit, Karen I. 2, 3 Author C: Miller, Ted4 (Dec 2005) Evaluating the Importance of Common Components in School-Based Websites: Frequency of Appearance and Stakeholders Judged Value. TechTrends: Linking Research Practice to Improve Learning; Nov/Dec2005, Vol. 49 Issue 6, p34-40, 7p, 5 Charts Author A: Walters, Marlenel Author B: Fehring, Heather2 (2009) An investigation of the incorporation of Information and Communication Technology and thinking skills with Year 1 and 2 students. Australian Journal of Language Literacy; Oct2009, Vol. 32 Issue 3, p258-272, 15p, 1 Black and White Photograph, 6 Diagrams, 1 Chart Website: http://teacher. scholastic. com/homepagebuilder/

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Pros and Cons of Weight Reducing Diets Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet

Pros and Cons of Weight Reducing Diets   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The article â€Å"Health Advantages and Disadvantages of Weight-Reducing Diets: A Computer Analysis and Critical Review† outlines eight diets that were examined and how the researchers and doctors looked at the potential long term effects of each one. The diets examined were Atkins, Protein Power, Sugar Busters, Zone, ADA Exchange, High-Fiber Fitness, Pritikin and Ornish. The research team created formulas using computer software, menu plans with recommended snacks and looking at the food pyramid to estimate coronary heart disease (a disease of the heart and arteries that blocks blood flow to the heart). They found that diets high in protein and fat, protein being a complex organic molecule necessary for the proper functioning of an organism; and low in carbohydrates, an organic compound that serves as a major energy source, produce a greater risk for coronary heart disease and diabetes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Over 50% of Americans are overweight.† This has led to the creation of many different diets. Some of these diets promote healthy eating and long-term weight loss while others are just fad diets with unsafe recommendations. It is suggested by expert panels that people should consume about 30% fat, from which only 10% can be saturated fat (a fat of animal origin) and less than 300 mg. of cholesterol daily. Cholesterol is a white substance found in animal tissues that serves the cell membranes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first thing the researchers did was to identify which diets were currently popular. They then looked at those diets that have been around for a long time. Each diet examined was different. The Atkins diet states that a high-fat ... ...tein Power diets are very high in total and saturated fat compared to current dietary guidelines. Long-term uses of these diets for weight maintenance are likely to significantly increase cholesterol concentrations and risks for coronary heart disease.† Diets that are higher in carbohydrates and fiber actually lower these risks. High fat diets do have short-term weight loss but the potential hazards for worsening the risk for heart disease and cholesterol problems override the short-term benefits. Sources Consulted:     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anderson, James, MD. â€Å"Health Advantages and Disadvantages of Weight-Reducing Diets: A Computer Analysis and Critical Review.† American College of Nutrition 19 (2000): 578-590.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dictionary. 21 October 2004. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. 14 May 1995. .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Monday, November 11, 2019

Innocence in Catcher in the Rye Essay

In JD Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield is a boy aimlessly traveling New York City after being expelled from a classy boarding school. Holden poses a great deal of trepidation when it comes to sexual relationships, especially those of Jane and Sunny. Furthermore, Holden tends to misjudge the maturity of his fellow characters. The combination of this misconception, the tension between sexual trepidation, and an adult life with adult relationships, results in confusion for him. In Holden’s life, there have only been a few people he’s cherished more than his childhood neighbor, Jane Gallagher. They were close childhood friends, and when his roommate Stradlater brings her up years later in high school, all he can talk about is the innocent fun they used to have: playing checkers, watching her dance ballet in the summer heat, and how her Doberman always came into his yard. However, he also reminisces on how her â€Å"boozehound† stepfather would always â€Å"run around the goddam house naked† (42). He suspects that her stepfather had harassed Jane, who â€Å"had [a] terrific figure, and [he] wouldn’t’ve put it past that bastard† (103). This really bothers Holden, as does when Stradlater insinuates that he made sexual advances onto Jane on their date. To Holden, sexual encounters mean an adulteration of innocence, and he hates that Stradlater or Jane’s stepfather may have corrupted Jane. Many times, Holden promises himself that he â€Å"outa go down and say hello to her† (40), or that he should â€Å"give old Jane a buzz† (195), but he never does. Subconsciously, he fears that Jane will have grown up, and calling her or seeing her will surely alter the young, innocent, checkers-playing version of Jane that he has in his mind. This is confusing for Holden because Jane has grown up, yet he still thinks of her as a little girl, not the grown woman that she is. Holden â€Å"knew that she wouldn’t let [Stradlater] get to first base with her, but it drove [him] crazy anyway† (104). This shows Holden’s potential misconception of Jane’s innocence. It is unlikely for a post-teenage young woman to be as sheltered and have as much innocence as she did when she was a little girl. However, this is something Holden cannot grasp. This dilemma is a direct result of Holden’s irrational respect for innocence, influenced by sexual confrontations in Holden’s past. When Holden agrees to have a prostitute come to his room in the hotel, he is soon greeted by Sunny at his door. Holden is immediately unimpressed with Sunny’s maturity; how she was â€Å"jiggling this one foot up and down†, she â€Å"never said thank you†, and she â€Å"had this tiny little wheeny-whiny voice† (123). He also notices that she appears very young, and said things that were really childish. This ends up making him feel â€Å"more depressed than sexy† (123), and he decides not to have sex with her after all. The depiction of this young girl making money as a prostitute seems to upset Holden, and he ultimately concludes that having sex with her would spoil her innocence. This is where Holden is again misguided. Just as it is unlikely for Jane to retain the same degree of innocence through the years, it is improbable that Sunny, being a prostitute, will have not had sex with many people in the past, therefore preserving her innocence. But all Holden can see in Sunny is the childish and immature, which results in a conflicted view of the world. The importance of innocence to Holden is something that results in nervousness towards others’ sexual identity and activity. His perspective of Jane and Sunny’s innocence is also misguided to the point where he sees innocence in them when there is none. Overall, the importance of innocence to Holden results in contention that is less than innocent.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Operations Management Synthesis Essay

Product Design The products that will be made out of the given components are corrective lenses for eyeglasses. The product will have the following features: a. Corrects near-sightedness or far-sightedness, whichever may be the case, through varying curvatures of the lenses, for different grades b. May be rectangular or circular in overall shape c. Around 1.5 inches in length, 1 inch in width d. Clear and transparent, not dark Considering that the finished goods (lenses) are very much expensive in relation to the raw materials (marbles), it would be safe to say that much value was added to the raw materials by the process of manufacturing, as a result. Process Design and Layout Given a product with just modules and essentially made from the same base – standard glass lenses, the process could be considered as repetitive-focus. Given the raw materials of only marbles, the illustration above is the process diagram that will be used. In order to clearly explain the diagram, the process involves the following steps: a. Crush marbles b. Melt marbles c. Add chemicals to treat the glass for durability d. Check for proper consistency/ratio of chemicals to glass and impurities e. Transfer defects back to start of production cycle f. Cool the material g. Check for bubbles h. Transfer defects back to start of production cycle i. Roll out the cooling glass j. Shape or cut out into shape (either circular or rectangular) k. Check dimensions (1.5 inches by 1 inch) if correct l. Transfer defects back to start of production cycle m. Curve the lens according to specifications using a curving machine n. Check if curvature specifications are met o. Transfer defects back to start of production cycle p. Final cleaning for any impurities q. Polishing of lenses for a shiny or glossy finish r. Final checking of lenses s. Package the lenses t. Ship the finished goods u. Administer preventive maintenance before next cycle (general cleaning of machines, check for machine irregularities) The layout is done in such a way that in case of defects, the transfer back to the start of the production cycle would be easier. Furthermore, the layout allows for job expansion for the workers due to them handling more than one step in the process. Also, this layout is supposed to minimize the amount of distance from one process to another, as long as these processes follow each other. Quality Management Initially, quality checkpoints are put up right after every crucial process. Meanwhile, the concept of six sigma is also implemented in order to address and eventually minimize them. By using the DMAIC, the following is how defects would be addressed: a. Define defects (For instance, bubbles were found.) b. Measure and collect process data (Identify how many products were defective and how much of the production process was affected.) c. Analyze data (What was the cause of the defect? i.e., inconsistency of chemical-to-glass ratio) d. Improve process (What should be done to prevent it from occurring again? i.e, thoroughly checking for proper consistency/ratio of chemicals to glass and/or hiring experts/more skilled employees) e. Control new process to make sure performance is maintained Location The primary determinant of location would be costs of rent and delivery of raw materials. The factory must be closer to suppliers than customers. If we are to apply clustering, it would also be good to be close to competitors, as it would implicate a technology spill-over. To compare the advantages of the possible different locations and the advantages of each, the center of gravity method is while also determining the most convenient manner of delivering orders. Human Resources The main objective of the human resources department is to make sure that the employees are skilled in glass processing. This is in order to troubleshoot properly and detect any defects in the product itself. Since the process is repetitive-focus, the qualifications of the workers are not as high as the qualifications needed for a process-focus design but still higher than that of the product focus. Salaries would be a bit higher than the minimum wage. Furthermore, the following factors shall be observed: a. The criteria on determining which Individual should be assigned to a station must be based on their skills, talents, and strengths (i.e, hiring field experts for checking for defective products and hiring capable persons for cleaning, packaging, and preparing for shipping). b. Employee empowerment should be considered through incentive systems (i.e, offering incentives to employees based on their needs, for instance, car loan for managers while food/transportation bonuses for the laborers). c. Employee empowerment through job expansion (i.e, enriching/enlarging the scope of the jobs, for instance, 1-2 employees assigned for all checkpoints instead of having 1 per checkpoint). Supply Chain Management .The primary suppliers should easily be accessible since raw material orders will only be issued upon demand. There must be a strong relationship that would be built with primary suppliers in order to eventually avail of discounts and a higher assurance of good quality. There should always be backup suppliers in case the main supplier fails to deliver. Other suppliers would include actual glass manufacturers in case of the lack of materials from primary sources. Inventory Management In order to maximize resources and keep inventory holding costs at a minimum, we will employ the Just-In-Time method for managing inventory. Furthermore, we will order only when we need to produce; thereby not falling into the trap of availing of quantity discounts which sometimes incur more expenses in the long run. As a result, to further reduce inventory costs, finished goods could be shipped out of the plant as soon as possible. Scheduling All orders will be taken and processed in a uniform manner. Orders may be changed in specifications only until the preliminary process of producing the modular standard glass lens is concluded, meaning that once the process of curving the lenses, which is the process where the orders differ, the orders cannot be changed anymore. Regularly, orders will be processed and queued regularly, preferably every day, Maintenance Preventive maintenance is done every after cycle, which involves the standard operating procedure of cleaning the machines. When factory is not scheduled for production, a more general preventive maintenance is undertaken to ensure smooth operations during the scheduled productions by increasing the reliability of the machines.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Biology Project Essays - RTT, Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases

Biology Project Essays - RTT, Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases Biology Project Biology Project Bronchitis Bronchitis is an infection of the larger air passages in the lungs. When bronchitis is in your system it connects to the trachea, and gives you a persisting cough. This makes you cough up phlegm as well as sputum. This infection is acquired in mostly babies, smokers, and the elderly. CAUSES- there are many causes for bronchitis the main one is smoking. Getting a cold or the flu are two more possible ways to get bronchitis. Bronchitis is more common to someone who gets the flu rather than a cold. Viral infections trigger the airways to make it more difficult to breathe. There is two different types of bronchitis: Acute and Chronic, Acute is more of a sudden on set and short duration. This is normally a complication of a viral infection such as a cold or the flu.

Monday, November 4, 2019

The world economy is in turmoil. Supermarkets are no different, as we Essay

The world economy is in turmoil. Supermarkets are no different, as we discovered during the year - Essay Example Retailers are in a position to exploit buyer power to distort competition. However, many retailers have had to change their offers and strategies in the face of the current economic turmoil. Grocery retail is the largest retail sector in the UK and four large retailers - Tesco, Sainsbury, Asda and Morrison/Safeway dominate the national market (Dobson, 2006). These four supermarket retailers have primarily positioned themselves as â€Å"one stop shops†, and they offer a wide range of goods. Waitrose falls under the smaller supermarket chains along with Marks & Spencer’s, Somerfield and Booths. Then there are the discounters such as Aldi. Supermarkets dominate the UK’s food system as food groceries are sold through a handful of retailers (EAFL, 2008). The supermarkets are more likely to be affected by the recent economic turmoil because they are dependent on banks and other financial institution for their capital whereas the smaller retailers are much less dependent on external capital (EAFL, 2008). This is the reason they are much more resilient in the face of economic turmoil. While some face losses due to financial recession others reap benefits. Due to recent financial turmoil the discounters have seen their customer numbers increase and their profits rise as the large supermarket chains have seen a reduction in profits (The Money Stop, 2009). The reason cited is that consumers are trying to save money by shopping at discount stores. The discount supermarket stores have benefited from the economic turmoil because the rising inflation has prompted the shoppers to trade down and choose cheaper stores and brands (Finch & Wearden, 2008). Customer is the focus of any strategy by any retailer and Tesco says they listen to what the customers want during the period of economic recession (BEN Rooth, 2008). They recognize that this is the most important time to recognize the needs of the customers because food is something that cannot be given up

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Hewllet-packard co Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hewllet-packard co - Research Paper Example Hewlett-Packard was created in 1939 by two Stanford University students, Bill Hewlett and David Packard (Beer 2). The company came to be recognized for both its management practices and its innovative and reliable electronic goods (Beer 2). Its corporate culture and management techniques came to be known as the â€Å"HP way† (Beer 2). The HP way was progressive and focused on profits more than on growth in revenues, team-work, open-door management practices, high levels of employment, egalitarian pay structures, and flexible working schedules (Beer 2). These practices were a reflection of the values of the founders who placed importance on both profits and people (Beer 2). During its first four decades, Hewlett-Packard mainly sold test and measurement equipment, and it was during this time that the HP way developed (Beer 2). These test and measurement equipment products were based on cutting-edge technology which HP had developed, and could be sold at high profit margins (Beer 2). Hewlett-Packards clients were mainly engineers or other people from the technology industry who purchased these products for business applications (Beer 2). The first major transformation in Hewlett-Packards business came during the 1970s when the company launched computer and printer products, initially for business applications, and later for home use (Beer 2). The company struggled initially in the computer business, as the building of microcomputers and the development of UNIX machines demanded different skills to those required in the instruments business (Beer 2). The computer business needed large initial research and development investments, and required different co mpany divisions such as chips, software and peripherals, to work in tandem, which was a change from the decentralized model which had succeeded in the instruments business (Beer 2). For this